Lexical Borrowing and Loan Translation in Russian Chemical Terminology of the 18th and Early 19th Centuries

Sokolov A. Lexical Borrowing and Loan Translation in Russian Chemical Terminology of the 18th and Early 19th Centuries SHLL, Vol. 6. 2023 , 73–107
Abstract

The article describes the main ways of borrowing terms in the language of Russian chemistry of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The author analyzed both the borrowed and native lexical units as the denominations of acid, a class of chemicals with a certain composition and properties. The group of lexical borrowings highlights the innovations of the 18th century (akvaregis, akvafort) and the borrowings of the Old Russian period. The old borrowings spirt (as well as the original dukh) and vodka are considered as loan translations (semantic calques) of the corresponding meanings of the prototypes in the European languages of science (Lat. spiritus and aqua; Fr. esprit and eau, Germ. Geist and Wasser). The original words kislost’, kislota and sol’ (kislaya sol’) also become terms as a result of semantic calquing (Lat. acidum; sal acidum; Fr. acide; sel acide; Germ. Säure; sauer Salz). It is shown that the majority of terminological phrases – the names of individual acids – do not refer to phraseological calques. They are the result of the semantic calquing of their main component and the expansion of its lexical compatibility.
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Keywords

18th century Russian

historical lexicology

historical lexicography

Russian chemical terminology of the 18th - early 19th century

denominations of acids

lexical borrowing

calque

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